Hartmann Luggage Case Report Essay

With the analysis we did in class, we made the suggestion of not doing the next promotion. The first thing I did after class was adjusting our model in class from three months moving average to a five months moving average, with data from previous two months, current month, and two months after. With this adjustment, the incremental increased a little, but still, I think it’s not attractive enough when taken other factors, such as cannibalization effects, into consideration. Also, as Katz pointed out, â€Å"the April-May 1978 promotion had been announced on January 1† (page 14), the relative lower January-February 1978 sales level should not be used to forecast March-May 1978 sales without promotions. In fact, I believe it is the announcement of promotion on January 1st that led to the low sales level in January-February 1978. Retailers would order fewer units prior to the promotion but catch up with more units ordered during promotion period. This should also be considered to cut the attractiveness promotion. Other than the data analysis we did in class, there are a few more reasons I don’t recommend Hartmann to have a price promotion in the following year. First, price promotion will damage Hartmann’s brand image. One of Katz’s principles for Hartmann was to â€Å"maintain a prestigious image† (page 2). Since the price promotion itself was not very efficient, why should Hartmann risk its brand image to do it? Second, as Katz said, there are all kinds of different ways to increase total sales, and, based on luggage consumer surveys, price promotion was definitely not the best way for Hartmann to achieve higher sales. From Hartmann’s own survey, durability and style were considered the most important features in selecting luggage (page 5). Although the results itself seems like is a little misleading, since price was not an option on that questionnaire, it actually should be the real case, and this conclusion could be proved from the industry market research in Exhibit 2. In this research result, only â€Å"31% of respondents cited price as the most important criterion in selecting luggage†, while â€Å"21% cited it as the least important criterion†, and only â€Å"26% would ‘wait for sale, then go there to buy’† (page 16). Also, considered the target market for Hartmann, which are â€Å"customers who demanded the highest quality and durability in luggage† (page 1), and its market position as â€Å"most expensive in the industry† (page 1), the demand  of its products was definitely inelastic. With such an inelastic demand, price promotion would never be the best approach to improve sales, especially to improve profit. So what would be a better way for Hartmann to increase sales and profit? The same as the consultants, I would recommend Hartmann to make more advertisements to build wider brand awareness among target consumers (page 14). The reason I makes this recommendation are as follows. Based on the industry research report in Exhibit 2 (page 16), â€Å"48% of respondents believed they would favor a brand of luggage they recognized or had seen advertised†. The percentage for Hartmann’s target consumers might be even higher, because they were pursuing â€Å"the highest quality and durability in luggage† and the probability that they would trust an unknown brand was very low. However, according to Hartmann’s telephone survey (page 5), the overall aided awareness level was pretty low among high income level customers, who were considered as Hartmann’s target customers, and â€Å"only 5% of respondents recalled having seen any Hartmann advertising†. Therefore, building brand awareness among target consumers by increasing advertising should be the best way for Hartmann to increase sales and, more important, not jeopardize either profitability or brand image. Therefore, all reasons listed above, as well as sales data analysis we did in class, point to one identical conclusion that price promotion was not a good choice for Hartmann to achieve sales and earnings objectives. Yet, increasing advertising was a harmless and more effective approach to help Hartmann achieve its objectives.

Neorealism vs. Neoliberalism

Mayixuan Li Ms. Reilly International Relations: Conflict and Cooperation in Global Politics October 22 2012 Neorealism, a concept of international relations that emerged in 1979 by Kenneth Waltz, is a theory which forces on demonstrating how the world works instead what the world ought to be. Neorealism thinkers claim that international structure is established by its ordering principle, which is anarchy, and by the distribution of power, measured by a number of great powers, which have the largest impact on what happens in world politics.Since there is no central agency that plays a role as â€Å"night watchman† (Mearsheimer, 2001, p. 5) to guarantee the security of states, the anarchic international system pushes great powers to maximize their relative powers in order to attain the minimum goal of their own survival. The trepidation of security is primary factor influencing great powers’ behavior, and in turn makes great powers quickly recognize that the best way to s urvive without protection is to perpetually expand actual military capability until reach the ultimate aim – hegemony.Great powers can never be certain about other states’ intentions, which makes them fear each other, and view each other as potential enemies who always have the capability and motive to attack them. To guarantee their own survival, great powers adopt the logic of self – help acting according to their self – interest, and always look for opportunities to alter the balance of power by acquiring additional power for themselves and by thwarting their rivals to increase powers. The self – help system gives rise of security dilemma that reflects basic logic of offensive realism.No matter a states becomes strong or weak, both strength and weakness in national security can be provocative to other great powers. Mearsheimer states: â€Å" The essence of the dilemma is that the measures a state takes to increase its own security usually decre ase the security of other states. † (Mearsheimer, 2001, p. 13) Neorealism offers a considerably broader definition of power, and view power as two types: actual power and latent power. Waltz states that power includes the following components: â€Å" size of population and territory, resource endowment, economic capability, military strength, political stability and ompetence. † (Waltz, 1979, p. 131) Actual power mainly points out military capability, such as army, air and naval forces, which directly gives great powers the wherewithal to hurt and possibly destroy each other. Latent power comprises size of population and territory, national wealth, and political stability. Rational great powers do not contend with current distribution of power, and always care about relative power rather than absolute power. They not only look for opportunities to take advantages of one another, but also work to ensure that other states do not take advantage of them.Before great powers take offensive actions, they consider carefully about the balance of power, about the costs and risks, and about both how much power they could increase and how much power their rivals could obtain. Nevertheless, great powers can never be sure how much power is enough to secure their survival in the ruthless international system. They not only strive to be the strongest, but also to be the only power – hegemony in the world. Mearsheimer defines:â€Å" A hegemon is a state that is so powerful that it dominates all the other states in the system. † (Mearsheimer, 2001, p. 0) In international relation history, no state has ever achieved global hegemony because of the stopping power of water. The best condition great power could obtain is to become regional hegemony, which dominates distinct geographical areas. Once a great power becomes regional hegemony, it does not want any peers to contend with it. Moreover, neorealism considers three possible systems – unipolar system, bipolar system, and multipolar system. Among all three systems, multipolar system is the most dangerous system, and is more war – prone than is bipolar system.Neorealism occasionally advocates fostering human rights. Great powers might pursue non-security goals as long as the requisite behavior does not violate the paramount goal – pursuit of relative power. Indeed, these non – security goals sometimes complements relative powers, such as economic capability or national wealth is the foundation and resource of military power. Furthermore, great powers seek to prevent war and keep peace, however, they are not driven by a will to build an independent world, but largely by narrow calculations about relative power.Cooperation among nations is difficult to achieve and always difficult to sustain since great powers always consider relative gains by themselves comparing to relative gains by another great power. Neorealism certainly asserts no amount of cooperat ion can eliminate the dominating logic of security competition. Neorealism locates causation in the anarchic international system, which forces great powers to act aggressively toward each other in the survive competition.Great powers compete to maximize their relative power not because they have a will to fight with each other but because this is the only optimal way to ensure their survival in the dangerous world. Neorealism concludes that the view of long lasting peace is not likely to be achieved by great power become global hegemony, so the world is condemned to perpetual great power competition. There are three great debates referring to a series of disagreements between international relations scholars. The second great debate was a dispute between neorealism and neoliberalism.Neoliberalism, a response to neorealism, views international system more optimistically, and argues the fact that the world has become more interdependent in economics and in communications as well as i n human aspirations. Neoliberals agree with neorealism that the anarchic nature of international system is an inevitable circumstance that states have to confront. Nevertheless, there is a general tendency of interdependence among actors across national boundaries to cooperate with each other in modern international system, which gives rise of the idea of complex interdependence.While neorealism views that cooperation between states can rarely happen, neoliberalism holds a greater belief in cooperation according to the prisoner’s dilemma. A tale of two prisoners who are questioned after committing an alleged crime. Neither prisoner knows that is being said by the other, but if they both cooperate and confess to the crime, their time in prison will be shortened, where if neither confesses the sentence length will be even shorter.However, if one confesses and the other does not, then the one who confessed will be set free and the one who did not will receive a lengthy jail term (Mingst 2004, p. 63). Neoliberalists use this to explain why states could wish to cooperate with each other, and even in an anarchic system of autonomous rational states, cooperation can still emerge through the building of norms, regimes and institutions. The importance of such cooperation is that actors have to play the game in an indefinite number of interactions, which abundantly conforms to the real international system.Moreover, neoliberalism recognizes not only sovereign states as important and rational actors, but also other actors are both principal and logical. Neoliberals always focus on absolute gains instead relative gains in such cooperation relationship. Multiple channels, summarized as interstate, trans – governmental, and transnational relation, provides more freedom to connect societies by both informal ties between nongovernmental elites and formal ties between governmental foreign offices. Through these channels political change occurs, in turns, states b ecome more interdependent.Since there are various cooperative issues in different areas among states, trans – governmental politics will make goals of states difficult to define. Neoliberalism also acknowledges more contributions made by international organizations, which helped to activate potential coalitions and strive to obtain opinion by every state. Furthermore, all non – security issues can no longer be subordinated to military security, which gives opportunities to a multitude of different agendas coming to the forefront.The line between domestic and foreign policy becomes blurred, and there is no hierarchy among issues. Military capability does not dominate the agenda anymore, and gradually becomes a less effective instrument to achieve other objectives such as economic and social goals. Nevertheless, the existence of mutual dependence does postulate another type of power. Sensitivity and vulnerability are two essential dimensions of states.When a costly impos ed situation from outside happens, the amount of sensitivity shows how quickly this imposed situation could affect one country from various aspects, and the vulnerability can be defined as an actor’s liability to suffer costs imposed by external events even after politics have been altered. Vulnerability is particularly important of interdependence structure. Even in the world of interdependence, there is no evenly balanced mutual dependence. Neoliberalism asserts two types of dependence, asymmetries in dependence, and symmetries in dependence, the latter hardly emerge.States can be less dependent or more dependent because of their level of sensibility and vulnerability. Less dependent actors can often use the interdependent relationship as a source of power in bargaining over an issue and perhaps to affect other issue. Power not only can be thought of as military capability, but also can be viewed as the ability of an actor to get others to do something they otherwise would not do. Neoliberalism claims that states act according to their self – interest to cooperate with each other, and to make the world more interdependence through different gendas. The use of military force is not exercised when complex interdependence prevails, so therefore the world could become more peaceful and prosperous. Bibliography Mearsheimer, John. The Tragedy of Great Power Politics. United States: 2011. Waltz, K. Theory of International Politics. United States: McGraw-Hill: 1979. Mingst, K. A. Essentials of International Relations. New York: W. W. Norton: 2004. Axelrod, Robert. The Evolution of Cooperation. United States. Keohane, Robert O. Power and Interdependence. United States: 2000.

Approaches of New Criticism Essay Example for Free

Approaches of New Criticism Essay A literary movement that started in the late 1920s and 1930s and originated in reaction to traditional criticism that new critics saw as largely concerned with matters extraneous to the text, e.g., with the biography or psychology of the author or the work’s relationship to literary history. New Criticism proposed that a work of literary art should be regarded as autonomous, and so should not be judged by reference to considerations beyond itself. A poem consists less of a series of referential and verifiable statements about the ‘real’ world beyond it, than of the presentation and sophisticated organization of a set of complex experiences in a verbal form (Hawkes, pp. 150-151). Major figures of New Criticism include I. A. Richards, T. S. Eliot, Cleanth Brooks, David Daiches, William Empson, Murray Krieger, John Crowe Ransom, Allen Tate, F. R. Leavis, Robert Penn Warren, W. K. Wimsatt, R. P. Blackmur, Rene Wellek, Ausin Warren, and Ivor Winters. A form of criticism based largely on the works of C. G. Jung (YOONG) and Joseph Campbell (and myth itself). Some of the school’s major figures include Robert Graves, Francis Fergusson, Philip Wheelwright, Leslie Fiedler, Northrop Frye, Maud Bodkin, and G. Wilson Knight. These critics view the genres and individual plot patterns of literature, including highly sophisticated and realistic works, as recurrences of certain archetypes and essential mythic formulae. Archetypes, according to Jung, are â€Å"primordial images†; the â€Å"psychic residue† of repeated types of experience in the lives of very ancient ancestors which are inherited in the â€Å"collective unconscious† of the human race and are expressed in myths, religion, dreams, and private fantasies, as well as in the works of literature (Abrams, p. 10, 112). Some common examples of archetypes include water, sun, moon, colors, circles, the Great Mother, Wise Old Man, etc. In terms of archetypal crit icism, the color white might be associated with innocence or could signify death or the supernatural. The application of specific psychological principles (particularly those of Sigmund Freud and Jacques Lacan [zhawk lawk-KAWN]) to the study of literature. Psychoanalytic criticism may focus on the writer’s psyche, the study of the creative process, the study of psychological types and principles present within works of literature, or the effects of literature upon its readers (Wellek and Warren, p. 81). In addition to Freud and Lacan, major figures include Shoshona Felman, Jane Gallop, Norman Holland, George Klein, Elizabeth Wright, Frederick Hoffman, and, Simon Lesser. A sociological approach to literature that viewed works of literature or art as the products of historical forces that can be analyzed by looking at the material conditions in which they were formed. In Marxist ideology, what we often classify as a world view (such as the Victorian age) is actually the articulations of the dominant class. Marxism generally focuses on the clash between the dominant and repressed classes in any given age and also may encourage art to imitate what is often termed an â€Å"objective† reality. Contemporary Marxism is much broader in its focus, and views art as simultaneously reflective and autonomous to the age in which it was produced. The Frankfurt School is also associated with Marxism (Abrams, p. 178, Childers and Hentzi, pp. 175-179). Major figures include Karl Marx, Terry Eagleton, Fredric Jameson, Raymond Williams, Louis Althusser (ALT-whos-sair), Walter Benjamin (ben-yeh-MEEN), Antonio Gramsci (GRAWM-shee), Georg Lukacs (lou-KOTCH), and Friedrich Engels, Theordor Adorno (a-DOR-no), Edward Ahern, Gilles Deleuze (DAY-looz) and Felix Guattari (GUAT-eh-ree Literally, postcolonialism refers to the period following the decline of colonialism, e.g., the end or lessening of domination by European empires. Although the term postcolonialism generally refers to the period after colonialism, the distinction is not always made. In its use as a critical approach, postcolonialism refers to â€Å"a collection of theoretical and critical strategies used to examine the culture (literature, politics, history, and so forth) of former colonies of the European empires, and their relation to the rest of the world† (Makaryk 155 – see General Resources below). Among the many challenges facing postcolonial writers are the attempt both to resurrect their culture and to combat preconceptions about their culture. Edward Said, for example, uses the word Orientalism to describe the discourse about the East constructed by the West. Major figures include Edward Said (sah-EED), Homi Bhabha (bah-bah), Frantz Fanon (fah-NAWN), Gayatri Spivak, Chinua Ach ebe (ah-CHAY-bay) , Wole Soyinka, Salman Rushdie, Jamaica Kincaid, and Buchi Emecheta Existentialism is a philosophy (promoted especially by Jean-Paul Sartre and Albert Camus) that views each person as an isolated being who is cast into an alien universe, and conceives the world as possessing no inherent human truth, value, or meaning. A person’s life, then, as it moves from the nothingness from which it came toward the nothingness where it must end, defines an existence which is both anguished and absurd (Guerin). In a world without sense, all choices are possible, a situation which Sartre viewed as human beings central dilemma: â€Å"Man [woman] is condemned to be free.† In contrast to atheist existentialism, Sà ¸ren Kierkegaard theorized that belief in God (given that we are provided with no proof or assurance) required a conscious choice or â€Å"leap of faith.† The major figures include Sà ¸ren Kierkegaard, Friedrich Nietzsche, Martin Heidegger, Jean-Paul Sartre (sart or SAR-treh), Albert Camus (kah-MUE or ka-MOO) , Simone de Beauvoir (bohv -WAHR) , Martin Buber, Karl Jaspers (YASS-pers), and Maurice Merleau-Ponty (mer-LOH pawn-TEE). Structuralism is a way of thinking about the world which is predominantly concerned with the perceptions and description of structures. At its simplest, structuralism claims that the nature of every element in any given situation has no significance by itself, and in fact is determined by all the other elements involved in that situation. The full significance of any entity cannot be perceived unless and until it is integrated into the structure of which it forms a part (Hawkes, p. 11). Structuralists believe that all human activity is constructed, not natural or â€Å"essential.† Consequently, it is the systems of organization that are important (what we do is always a matter of selection within a given construct). By this formulation, â€Å"any activity, from the actions of a narrative to not eating one’s peas with a knife, takes place within a system of differences and has meaning only in its relation to other possible activities within that system, not to some mean ing that emanates from nature or the divine† (Childers & Hentzi, p. 286.). Major figures include Claude Là ©vi-Strauss (LAY-vee-strows), A. J. Greimas (GREE-mahs), Jonathan Culler, Roland Barthes (bart), Ferdinand de Saussure (soh-SURR or soh-ZHOR), Roman Jakobson (YAH-keb-sen), Vladimir Propp, and Terence Hawkes. Post-Structuralism and Deconstruction Post-Structuralism (which is often used synonymously with Deconstruction or Postmodernism) is a reaction to structuralism and works against seeing language as a stable, closed system. â€Å"It is a shift from seeing the poem or novel as a closed entity, equipped with definite meanings which it is the critic’s task to decipher, to seeing literature as irreducibly plural, an endless play of signifiers which can never be finally nailed down to a single center, essence, or meaning† (Eagleton 120 – see reference below under â€Å"General References†). Jacques Derrida’s (dair-ree-DAH) paper on â€Å"Structure, Sign, and Play in the Discourse of the Human Sciences† (delivered in 1966) proved particularly influential in the creation of post-structuralism. Derrida argued against, in essence, the notion of a knowable center (the Western ideal of logocentrism), a structure that could organize the differential play of language or thought but somehow rema in immune to the same â€Å"play† it depicts (Abrams, 258-9). Derrida’s critique of structuralism also heralded the advent of deconstruction that–like post-structuralism–critiques the notion of â€Å"origin† built into structuralism. In negative terms, deconstruction–particularly as articulated by Derrida–has often come to be interpreted as â€Å"anything goes† since nothing has any real meaning or truth. More positively, it may posited that Derrida, like Paul de Man (de-MAHN) and other post-structuralists, really asks for rigor, that is, a type of interpretation that is constantly and ruthlessly self-conscious and on guard. Similarly, Christopher Norris (in â€Å"What’s Wrong with Postmodernism?†) launches a cogent argument against simplistic attacks of Derrida’s theories: Approaches of New Criticism. (2016, Dec 24).

Should the Death Penalty be legal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Should the Death Penalty be legal - Essay Example Those who are against the use of capital punishment do not think that the government should be given the authority to subject any of its people to death. They also say that this practice is overtly costly, racially partial and does not realize the intended result. The vast majority of Americans consider the death penalty to be neither cruel nor unusual, quite the opposite; they think it’s a fair and just punishment. They not only accept but stridently insist that the â€Å"ultimate punishment† be sustained for several reasons which will be thoroughly covered in this paper. It will also take into account the opponents’ logic concerning why it should be ended in an effort to show an inclusive summary of the contentious death penalty debate. History of Punishment Historically speaking, the justification for punishing offenders has been to â€Å"avenge the crime, to protect society by imprisoning the criminal, to deter that person and other potential offenders from the commission of crimes and to obtain reparations from the offender† (Wolfgang, 1998). All through the history of civilization, this rational has not altered appreciably. The four fundamental reasons humanity punishes criminals can be classified by two basic motivations. One is to obtain the desired outcome which includes protecting society, deterrence and seeking compensation. The other, retribution or vengeance involves reprimanding those who have committed a crime on society. For thousands of years people have subscribed to retribution as validation for using the death penalty which can be found in the Biblical reference ‘an eye for an eye.’ In other words, aggressive actions against society must be confronted with an aggressive punishment (Olen & Barry, 1996: 268). This use of any type of punishment is humanity’s method of striking back at a person or persons who have disturbed the ethical and emotional sensibilities of a society. The ‘eye for an eye’ justification continues to be used by many people and nations today. Those who embrace this viewpoint are undoubtedly correct when they state that capital punishment assures that the offender will not be able to commit another transgression against society. The death penalty is the definitive preventative measure (Olen & Barry, 1996). Opponent Position Persons who oppose use of the death penalty think that all life no matter how despicable should be considered of value and that putting a person in prison for life without the opportunity for parole is sufficient punishment. Opponents also believe that revenge as justification is wrong and in the end more harmful to the values of society than is the crime of murder itself. Additionally, opponents think that banning the death penalty will â€Å"allow opportunities for confronting those who had been hurt most and possibly encourage remorse or reconciliation (and) suggest those that have killed be made to service the commun ity as a way of partially making amends† (Olen & Barry, 1967: 272). According to opponents the death penalty is morally and ethically objectionable in modern society. Some are against it based on religious reasons referring to morality as the primary issue; however, differing religions and the faithful within those religions have conflicting opinions. For example, Christians who live in America overwhelmingly support it while Christians in Europe tend to oppose it. Legal Interpretations The U.S. Supreme Court has maintained that use of the death

Capstone Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Capstone - Research Paper Example The company also deals with ensuring that the personnel can provide renovation services. The main purpose of the company is to provide advice and assessment services for individuals who wish to be qualified in building and renovating. Capstone is aimed at laying out the mechanisms of support of enhancing the technical skills of individuals who hope to further their understanding on building. The company ensures that individuals are provided with a qualified builder’s license to have properly designed and safe buildings. Building an engineering school at Lynn University requires implementing a proper layout structure of the site and the environment that surrounds the building. The successful completion of an attractive engineering complex requires a package that meets the technical approach utilized in the licensing state body. As investors, reading at the background of capstone is inevitable that it will provide a properly elevated engineering school at the University of Lynn. 2. Culture Capstone empowers its superior people to ensure that they deliver to their subordinates. Empowering the superiors gives light to the subordinates as they are directed towards the correct path. The company holds a culture of freedom as the employees are allowed to air their thoughts on given designs and layouts. In the building and construction industry it is important to give rise to new designs that may facilitate a better engineering building. Considering that the construction should cater for a growing institution, the design should facilitate the different number of students that will be using the new building. The company recruits individuals that hold a high passion for construction. Pride in what the employees does is emphasizes as they are the direct marketers of the company. Strong relevance on persistence and strong work ethics is an important aspect in ensuring that the integrity of the company continues to flourish with time. The culture of holding high integ ral values sets to set the company apart from their competitive companies. 3. Mission Statement Capstone Construction Company’s mission is to provide value added services to the customers through generating lasting partnerships in the construction process. The company’s aim is to continue providing reliable customers to existing and new customers (Breton & Wintrobe, 1995). 4. Product The product of capstone will include in ensuring that it provide a post modern engineering building will be divided in different sections of the building process. The foundation, the form building and the roofing will act as a guideline of producing the finished product. Foundation building is important as it will determine the ability of the building to stand alone. The building aesthetic will also determine the products used for construction. Lastly the finishing plays an important role as it will attract other projects of the similar design. The type of products to be used includes wood , stone, glass, concrete and masonry tools. The roof will be pre-engineered to support the structural wall systems 5. Gantt Chart Diagram This is an analysis of the processes involved in making one project process move. It will emulate the different steps of the building process from the foundation to the roofing and finishing process. Construction of the engineering building will require an articulate process that will show progress from the commencement to the finishing of the process. Continued assessment will also be included to aid in the report making and

Journal ad Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Journal ad - Essay Example o the importance of the journal, its outspoken authority among world economy contributors who use the journal to reach the world in various economic topics makes it a popular tool on the shelf, table and mailbox in different publication formats. Its editorial environment has a consistent theme that captures the business world as a rare spectacle worth a keen following. This journal has a consistent package of features in terms of its coverage which is mainly focused on business and economy. However, a number of topics presented in the journal are highly varied. To illustrate this point, the above advert contained in the Wall Street Journal aims at reaching the properties market for possible buyers of the property named therein. Property market is a discrete segment with a highly competitive environment, perhaps making the reason why the advert features in a leading journal in the US and world market. In this advert, the reader is convinced to consider buying the house with a brightened exterior, indoor pool, good floors and space at only $639,000. In the wall Street journal, there are a number of related offers worth looking at for comparison since it is a competitive platform. It is a good investment by the owners since it has captured the market in a significant way across the globe. Cheema, Sushil â€Å"House of the Day: Massachusetts Colonial Holliston, MA† Wall Street Journal, 9 July 2011. Web. http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424053111904537404576554651535585940.html?mod=WSJ_RealEstate_LEADTopNews (accessed 8 September

West Yorkshire Police And A Merger Research Proposal

West Yorkshire Police And A Merger - Research Proposal Example The goal being to incorporate the police together so they would ultimately be together under one unit. The proposal will investigate the issues that would arise for the public sector as a result of the mergers. In addition, the perception of the police regarding the merger will be examined. The purpose of the research on the merger is to investigate and present the action methods that will work best to formulate a decision regarding the merger and reach a conclusion as to the best and most ethical course. There are many fact ors to be taken into consideration regarding a merger.. Included in the Yorkshire Police merger are legal issues, A recent newspaper article re ported on these issues. That the government was being taken to the high court over its plans to merge police forces, while rebel Labour MPs plan to derail the scheme in the Commons. Cleveland police force is to seek a judicial review of the home secretary's plans to merge it with the Durham and Northumbria forces. Guardian Unlimited Guardian News and Media Limited 2007 It further reportd thar While this was going on a group of Labour MPs led by John Grogan intends to sabotage the merger plans when they come through the Commons in the autumn. This twin opposition is John Reid's second major headache since being appointed at the start of the month, following the debacle of the failure to deport released foreign prisoners. The idea of bigger, better resourced, forces came in the wake of criticism of the small Cambridgeshire police force's response to the Soham murders. Guardian Unlimited Guardian News and Media Limited 2007 My research concluded that a go od merger is contingent on good planning and research Law enforcement in the United Kingdom is not the responsibility of one single police service serving the general public; with the exception of various special police forces and of Northern Ireland (which has one unified force, the Police Service of Northern Ireland), police forces are arranged in geographical areas matched to the boundaries of one or more local authorities; in recent years being increasingly described as "territorial police forces". (Baskerville 2004 p 329) In turn, these forces are regulated by the laws of the appropriate country within the UK (administration of police matters is not generally affected by the Government of Wales Act 2006), i.e., Scotland, Northern Ireland, England and Wales. It is common for the territorial police forces in England and Wales to be referred to as "Home Office" police forces, after the government department which exercises control at a national level in England and Wales but this is erroneous as the description can encompass a number of miscellaneous forces subject to some kind of control by the Home Office but which are not the concern of the various Police Acts which control territorial police forces. (Bakersville 2004 p330) In 1981, James Anderton, the then Chief Constable of Greater Manchester Police called for 10 regional police forces for England and Wales, one for each of the regions which would be adopted as Government Office Regions in England, and Wales.[2] A 2004 proposal by the Police Superintendents Association for the creation of a single national police force, similar to the Garda Sochna na hireann was rejected by the Association of Chief Police Officers, and the government has thus far agreed.[3] In September 2005, in a report[4] delivered to the then Home Secretary, Charles Clarke, HM Inspectorate of Constabulary suggested that the

Basketball as Religion in He Got Game Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

Basketball as Religion in He Got Game - Essay Example After six years since then, Jesus has worked hard to become a brilliant prospective basketball player just at the age of eighteen. Several colleges are interested in him with lucrative offers of scholarship, and making a career with the NBA also remains an option. However, the Governor wants to sign Jesus with his alma mater, the Big State. With his power and influence, he releases Jake on parole for a week. If Jake is able to convince his son Jesus to play for Big State his sentence would be drastically reduced setting him free. Otherwise, he would be sent back to jail. Now an emotional tug of war begins. Jake seeks to convince his estranged son. Martha (Lonette McKee), who is Jesus’ younger sister, wants a better life and suggests his brother to look for more profitable opportunities. Jesus’ girlfriend, Lala (Rosario Dawson) plays a double dealing role in the complex environment with a ‘not so innocent’ approach. The characters like Jesus’ uncle, a unt, coach, etc. appear as both selfish and empathetic in the course of the drama. As Jake returns to his family, Jesus has to confront him and go through emotional ups and downs. On the other hand, he faces the contradictions, glamour, challenges, and dark realities of the multi-billion dollar basketball sports industry of America. At times, he is at the dilemma of horns, but the young athlete is a good-natured son who ultimately seeks reunion and peace with his lonely and troubled father. Basketball craze is a huge factor in the sports culture of American life. It has emerged as a multi-billion dollar business in the American sports industry. Almost all the resourceful and reputed colleges of the country are rivaling each other in order to leave a mark in the various basketball leagues. This helps them to levy high amounts of profits. On the other hand, there is the celebrated NBA, where several

Changes in Higher Learning Research Proposal Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Changes in Higher Learning - Research Proposal Example This implies that there are the great emphasis and increased focus on what specific majors translate to in terms of a job. The increased concentration on careers that follow after college education has led to an abandonment of some majors, mainly arts, which cannot be easily related to the desired careers. As a result of this abandonment, institutions have also started changing and focusing more on professional majors. According to Breneman’s research, many art colleges were shifting attention and focusing more on professional fields (Baker, Baldwin and Makker 2012, para. 4). This implies that some majors may totally be forgotten in the future if this shift continues. The shift to professional fields could be greatly be attributed to economic changes and need for more finances. Liu, et al. argued that many students are more concerned about well-paying jobs hence increased focus on a qt professional job as opposed at arts that may arguably be seen to basically provide meaningful philosophies of lift. in Baker, Baldwin and Makker 2012, para.5). Zernike echoes this basing her argument on a survey carried out by the University of California that showed a great shift of focus on comparing student’s goals in 1971 and 2009. â€Å"In 2009, 78 percent of freshmen students were more focused on wealth while only 48 percent were after meaningful philosophy as opposed to 1971 where only 37 percent were focused on wealth while 73 percent were focused on meaningful philosophy† (2009, para.7).  

The Concept of Bureaucracy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The Concept of Bureaucracy - Essay Example These symptoms characterize the conduct disorder. Cartier’s mother sent him to a treatment home for the troubled children when he was seven years old (Stillman 62). At sixteen years, Cartier’s father took care of him after receiving care in several state-supported treatment institutions. Cartier joined a dangerous gang after dropping out of school where he recorded numerous criminal charges throughout Massachusetts. His relationships with women matched his violent and deviant conduct he displayed to the society. Before Cartier dated Lardner, he had a relationship with Ryan Rose, which turned violent when it began (Stillman 65). Cartier turned mentally and physically abusive and violent to Ryan and regularly threatened her safety on many instances. After terminating their relationship, Ryan sought a restraint order against Cartier who was on probation at the time (Stillman 67). Cartier’s probation officer directed a warrant for his immediate apprehension. Cartier would serve a prison sentence of a year and three months soon after his arrest but served only six months. Cartier continued pestering Ryan while in the penitentiary and continued transgressing the restraining order. On his release, the Essex County administrators further apprehended him for a previous transgression of his probation, but they gave him a shortened sentence. The relationship between Cartier and Lardner matched that of him with Ryan. Kristin sought for protection from the police force and the criminal justice entity (Stillman 64). Kristin’s safety was under constant jeopardy brought about by poor bureaucratic decisions from multiple agencies. Such bureaucracies failed through utilizing their own standardized practice procedures. The case study for how Kristin died reveals several core decisions that bureaucracies such as public administrators and street-level bureaucrats made and that contributed to Kristin’s

Dissent from Puritanism Essay Example for Free

Dissent from Puritanism Essay During the early part of English colonization of the Americas the main group of people that were sent to the Americas was religious and political outcasts. This included Puritans, Quakers many other religions, debtors and political dissidents. The Puritans and Quakers came to the Americas in search of political freedom. The Puritans settled in the northeast region of the United States mainly in modern day Massachusetts. During their long nearly 4 month Journey across the Atlantic Ocean the boat goers grew close to each other because of the treacherous voyage. This caused theses people to group together and form towns with government based on their religion, Puritanism. Puritanism was one of the driving forces behind the formation of early successful northeastern towns and colonies in America. Many people who immigrated to the northeastern English colonies of the Americas had a strong dislike for Puritanism. Many believed the religion was too archaic in its beliefs and ways of life. Because of the animosity of non-puritans towards puritans and vice versa this caused the two peoples to form separate ettlements and very distinct cultures. Due to the differences in the cultures and the increase of immigration to New England the new settlers had to find new geographically suitable locations to start new settlements, therefore fully populating the entire New England colony. This gave New England a wide variety of culture, goods, natural resources and the capability to export large amounts of goods to the mother country for a profit. The non-puritans had settlements more based on economic ethics and systems that would financially help the settlement. Puritans had ettlements with more theocratic governments and more devotion to their religion. Although the governments of the two cultures were somewhat different they were also similar in many ways as well. Both governments were democratic. The puritans had a direct form of democracy where only white male land owners could vote. The problem with this is that once the colony started to fill it became harder and harder for young white men to find a piece of land suitable to settle on and start their families. With no land they had no say in their government as well. This drove many young Puritan Men to leave their theocratic settlements to seek other settlements where land owning was not necessary to have a say in government. This allowed puritans and non-puritans to culturally diffuse and further enrich the culture of New England. The non-puritan settlements had a representative or indirect form of democracy. These settlements followed a more English form of government. They also were mostly follows of the Anglican Church (the most common religion in England at the time). Because of the religious diversity in early New England and the abundance of natural resources (mostly large amounts of lumber) the colony was able to thrive. The religious acrimony between the puritans and non-puritans actually helped the English colony of New England reach its full economic potential by spreading out the population of the settlers. Many factors contributed to the formation of New England, but The objection of Puritanism and Puritanism itself was the paramount reason that New England did as well as it did and as early as it did. Dissent from Puritanism By halpin19

New Age Constructions Essay Example for Free

New Age Constructions Essay New Age is a building construction organisation based in Bangalore. The organisation, which was established in the year 2005, is relatively new in this sector. The activities of the organisation are limited to Bangalore. There are a number of well-established builders in Bangalore. Therefore, initially New Age found it difficult to obtain large projects and undertook only small building projects. However, recently, New Age has got a lucrative contract for building a large shopping mall. The organisation finds the contract to be a stepping stone of its future success. Therefore, it is striving to deliver the project on time and within the planned budget. The organisation has hired Mr. Sinha as the project manager. To carry out the assigned project, Mr. Sinha has emphasised on three principles of project management including the principle of project strategy, the principle of team building, and the principle of satisfaction. During the project, Mr. Sinha communicated the relevant project information to all the team members. However, he did not prioritise maintaining a thorough documentation of the entire project. Seven months into the project, Mr. Sinha faced some major issues. He was asked by the management of the organisation to provide a complete project report on a day-to-day basis. Moreover, it was also noticed that he used some extra human resource, which affected the project’s cost management as well. Mr. Sinha did not even consider the triple constraints of the project Questions: a. As a project manager of New Age, which knowledge areas and principles would you like to follow the most? b. Do you think considering the triple constraints would have helped Mr. Sinha? Justify your answer. a. Summarise the various knowledge areas and principles in brief you would follow as a project manager of New Age b. Give your opinion if triple constraints would have helped Mr. Sinha Provide justification for the opinion 2. Describe the five phases of a generic project lifecycle. (unit 1) [Describe each phase of a project lifecycle] 3. Write short notes on: Work breakdown structure Product line analysis Capital rationing Challenges in Social Cost Benefit Analysis (SCBA) [Work breakdown structure Product line analysis Capital rationing Challenges in Social Cost Benefit Analysis (SCBA)] 4. How would you classify the sources of financing infrastructure projects?[State the meaning of source of finance, Explain the external and  Domestic sources of finance available in the infrastructure financing List financing sources available for infrastructure projects in India in tabular format] 5. Discuss the different types of project termination. 6. How is a monitoring system designed? [Explain what is done in each step of the process of designing a monitoring system] PM0011 – PROJECT PLANNING AND SCHEDULING 1. Write short note on: Controlling PMO (Project Management Office ) Bottom-up approach for estimating project planning Consequences of project delays Partnering [Controlling PMO (Project Management Office ) Bottom-up approach for estimating project planning Consequences of project delays Partnering] 2. Explain various stages of project scope management. [Briefly describe each stage of scope management] 3. Write short notes on : Scope change Porter model used by organisations to identify investment opportunities Tools for Project Scheduling Operating Feasibility [Scope change Porter model used by organisations to identify investment opportunities Tools for Project Scheduling Operating Feasibility] 4. Explain the various tools of project planning. [Briefly mention the role of project planning tools in an organisation Explain various tools that are used in project Planning] 5. Explain the meaning of CPM. Mention various steps involved in CPM. [Write the meaning of CPM Explain various steps associated with CPM] 6. What do you understand by cost of quality? Elaborate on various types of quality costs associated with a project. PM 0012 – PROJECT FINANCE AND BUDGETING 1. Write short notes on: Lump sum contract Project Cost Profile Trade credit Types of project resources [Lump sum contract Project Cost Profile Trade credit Types of project resources 2. Discuss the financing of telecommunication projects. [Explain the financing of telecommunication projects and Discuss the factors needs to be considered while financing a telecommunication project.] 3. Do lenders, sponsors, EPC contractors, and the government require project insurance? Explain [Give your opinion is project insurance required by lenders, sponsors, EPC contractors, and the government Provide justification to your answer from perspective of lenders, sponsors, EPC contractors, and the government] 4. Write short notes on: Expected Monetary Value (EMV) Earned Value Analysis (EVA) Optimal capital structure Net Present Value(NPV method of capital budgeting [Expected Monetary Value (EMV) Earned Value Analysis (EVA) Optimal capital structure Net Present Value(NPV method of capital budgeting] 5. Explain the role played by engineering advisors in project finance. [Explanation of the nature of the role played by engineering advisors in project finance Summarization of the role played by engineering advisors according four phases of activities] 6. Define PPP (Public Private Partnership) and list the advantages and disadvantages of PPP . [Define PPP List advantages of PPP List disadvantages of PPP] PM 0013 – MANAGING HUMAN RESOURCES IN PROJECTS 1. Write short notes on: Human Resource Cycle Role of a project manager Productivity measurement method of manpower estimation Managing Conflicts in a project [Human Resource Cycle Role of a project manager Productivity measurement method of manpower estimation Managing Conflicts in a project] 2. What is the need for building a team during any project? [Define team building and its significance Discuss the various reasons for building a project team 3 Write short notes on Qualities of a project leader Dealing with Poor Performers in a Project Team Minority groups Health issues of project team members [Qualities of a project leader Dealing with Poor Performers in a Project Team Minority groups Health issues of project team members] 4. What are the major roles that motivation plays in handling project environment? [Explain how motivation plays a considerable role in the success and failure of a project Discuss the major roles of motivation in a project environment] 5. Explain various types of collective bargaining. [Explanation of four types of collective bargaining] 6. What is a Human Resource Information System(HRIS). [Define HRIS Very briefly Functions of HRIS List any two advantages of HRIS List any two disadvantages of HRIS]

The Role of External Auditors in Accounting

The Role of External Auditors in Accounting Introduction Auditor liability has always been one of the main concerns of the public. Often falling under common law, tort law or both, public liability claims can arise out of unfair or unjust practices when it comes to auditing a companys financial standing (Lambe, 2007). The auditors can be held liable for approving a fraudulent account on behalf of a business organisation. Auditor liability, or failure to detect and report illegal manipulations of financial statements, could lead to serious damages for the shareholders of the company (Schaefer, 2004). In most cases, a fraudulent act exists when one or more auditors, on behalf of a company, approve inaccurate accounting for the reason of tax evasion or to strategically register for an Initial Public Offering (IPO). To prevent moral hazard associated with auditor liability, the British Serious Fraud Office has imposed heavy penalties on swindlers and white collar criminals in order to shut down or suspend suspicious businesses (Country Updates, 1997). On the other hand, auditors who are found guilty of professional negligence may end up facing a monetary loss or penalty through punitive fines and/or the confiscation of their licence to practise in the United Kingdom. According to Priddy (2011, p. 59), as stated by Michael Power of the London School of Economics, it was not reasonable to expect auditors to be challenging business models and raising strategic issues with finance directors, because that was not their job and if we want it to be their job, then things would have to change quite substantially à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ The direction of my comment is that we might be expecting too much from this black box [External Audit] in terms of what it actually delivers. In response to Powers statement, this report will first discuss the roles and responsibilities of external auditors and then provide a brief overview of corporate governance. In line with this, there is a strong need to go through some business theories and concepts that will enable readers to have a better understanding of how businesses function in the corporate world. Based on the individual offices and duties of shareholders, internal and external auditors, the board of directors, and the Chief Executive Officer (CEO), this report will explain the limitations of the roles and responsibilities of external auditors when it comes to detecting and controlling fraudulent business activities. Roles and Responsibilities of External Auditors External auditors are professionals who are hired to conduct audits based on the rules or laws on creating financial statements for the government, a private company, or a legal organisation (The Institute of Internal Auditors, 2011). According to Kwok (2005, pp. 151-161), accounting irregularities can be made for the purpose of tax evasion or theft, for instance, creating ghost employees, skimming from the proceeds, or stealing an asset. Specifically in the United Kingdom, Chartered Accountants and Certified General Accountants are the groups of individuals who are qualified to conduct external auditing. According to Poorter (2008), auditors practising within the United Kingdom have to perform a special duty of care towards a liable third party. This means that external auditors are made responsible for the fair, just and reasonable treatment of the companys external shareholders. In case of a binding contract between the company and its shareholders, it is a general rule for the external auditor(s) to fulfil his or her statutory duty as an auditor to shareholders collectively. As a standard operating procedure, external auditors are expected to evaluate the financial statement of an organisation on a yearly basis (Hicks and Goo 2008, p. 261). Upon going through the financial statement of a government, a private company, or a legal organisation, external auditors are expected to come up with a professional opinion regarding the financial statement presented to them by the organisation (Kwok 2005, p. 178). Correspondingly, external audit committees are expected to determine whether the accountants are able to adapt along with generally accepted accounting principles or whether they have made appropriate judgments, estimates, and complete disclosures in the financial statements (Hicks and Goo 2008, p. 259; Kwok 2005, p. 178). Given that the external auditors find something inappropriate in the presented financial statement, they should report their complaints to the company to allow the board of directors to review. As part of protecting the company and its shareholders, external auditors are expected to determine any possible damages that could result from the company owners major business decisions. Considering that external auditors are liable to both the company for which they work and the shareholders of the company as a third party, external auditors should avoid coming up with a biased judgment by making use of their best professional knowledge to protect the interests of everyone involved. Although internal and external auditors technically have the same roles and responsibilities when it comes to auditing a financial statement, an important difference between the two is that an external auditor is an independent party outside the organisation being audited (The Institute of Internal Auditors, 2011). Another difference between internal and external auditors is that the general public, large groups of investors, and government agencies have the tendency to rely more on the audit report coming from the external auditors than the report presented to them by the internal auditors. Brief Overview with regards to Corporate Governance According to Colley et al. (2005), corporate governance refers to a system of authoritative direction or government which carefully examines the individual roles and responsibilities of the business owners, the shareholders, the board of directors (executive and non-executive), the CEO, and accountants. Since corporate governance is composed of both neutral and objective corporate values (Solomon 2007, p. 4; Haller and Shore 2005, p. 18), a lot of people consider good corporate governance as an acceptable model of business ethics and a moral duty on the part of a corporations executives and board of directors. Board of Directors Aguilera et al. (2008) revealed that corporate governance is often considered as the basis for making policy for a business organisation in relation to the actual structure of the board, the activism of the shareholders, and overall business performance. With regards to organisational policies and procedures, the board of directors within a business organisation has a significant role to play when it comes to successfully implementing corporate governance (Nordberg, 2007; Kim and Nofsinger 2006, p. 41). For this reason, the members of the board are required not only to carefully analyse the corporate financial report, but also to meet regularly to discuss the proposed strategic plans and issues that will significantly affect the success of the business (Solomon 2007, p. 103). Executive and Non-Executive Directors The board of directors is composed of executive and non-executive directors. As part of strengthening corporate governance, the companys board of directors is given responsibility for making important decisions in the best interests of the company and its shareholders (Mallin 2007, p. 125). Aside from determining corporate goals, developing strategic plans that will enable the business to meet those corporate goals, and implementing organisational policies to meet the businesss objectives (Mallin 2007, p. 124; Kim and Nofsinger 2006, p. 41), the board of directors is responsible for controlling operations, making decisions for resource acquisitions, and driving improvements in the quality of service (Carpenter, 1988; Pfeffer and Salancik, 1978). Since not all of the members of the board are directly or actively engaged in the daily business operations of a company, readers should be aware of some crucial distinctions between the roles and responsibilities of executive and non-executive directors with regards to corporate governance. It is common business knowledge that the executive directors are the ones who are directly involved in the daily business transactions that occur within and outside of the company, whereas the non-executive or outside directors are not. Despite the differences between the responsibilities of executive and non-executive directors, the Commission has publicly announced under the Action Plan Modernisation of company law and enhancing corporate governance in the European Union that all of the board of directors (regardless of whether they are executive or non-executive) should at all times ensure their collective responsibility when it comes to monitoring the financial and non-financial information behind the corporation (Communication from the Commission to the Council and the European Parliament, 2003). Unlike the non-executive directors, the executive board of directors can easily access valuable business information such as corporate financial statements. By accessing this information, executive directors are able to examine company records on daily sales and expenses and other major business transactions like public shares, loans and investments. In the process of going through the companys financial statements, executive shareholders should be on the lookout for any signs of unusual business activity that could adversely affect the long-term operation of the business. Similar to the role of executive directors in corporate governance, it is the role and responsibility of the non-executive directors to reduce conflicting interests between the actual shareholders, the executive board of directors, and the management team who works behind the company (Solomon 2007, p. 82 and 92). For this reason, Waldo (1985, p. 5) strongly suggests that the best way for the executive and non-executive directors to perform their duty effectively is to actually go through the companys business information, including the corporate financial statement. Even though the non-executive directors are inactive in terms of monitoring the daily operations of a company, several studies revealed that the non-executive directors are expected to strictly and regularly monitor the progress of the overall business, its legal and ethical performance, strategic choices and implementation techniques used by the top management, including the appointing or removal of the members of the senior management aside from giving the rest of the board members some advice with regards to the strategies used in enabling the company reach the corporate goals and business objectives (Solomon 2007, p. 82; Carpenter, 1988)  [1]  . By closely monitoring the daily activities of the companys executive directors, the non-executive directors should make the executive directors accountable for the companys shareholders and external investors (Mallin 2007, p. 132; Solomon 2007, p. 88; Fama and Jensen, 1983). Solomon (2007, p. 86) revealed that there is a link between the role of non-executive directors and the role of institutional investors in the sense that the non-executive directors effort in ensuring that the business is free from any forms of corruption could somehow protect the socio-economic welfare of the companys public investors. Several authors suggest that the non-executive board of directors is strongly encouraged to actively participate in the board meetings with the rest of the directors and shareholders to protect the interests of the public investors (Mallin 2007, p. 125; Solomon 2007, pp. 86-88). Roles and Responsibilities of Accountants In general, accountants are not only made responsible for producing an accurate, true, and fair financial statement that not only enables the senior managers to make important business decisions, but also give the public stockholders the privilege of accurately monitoring their investments in the company. Because corporate accountants maintain accurate and transparent financial accounting information at all times, accountants play one of the few most important roles in the development of effective corporate governance. To ensure that the company is able to come up with an accurate corporate financial statement, the business organisation should hire internal and external auditors who are qualified in monitoring fair and true financial values. Discussion Romano (1996) explained that the shareholders have the authoritative power to influence the manifestations of legal and/or illegal business transactions. Given that most of the corporate shareholders are the business owners, these individuals are the ones who are in the position to select and elect their preferred members to the board for the purpose of managing the business affairs. On the other hand, it is the board of directors who appoint, hire, and delegate specific roles and responsibility to a selected CEO. In a normal business setting, it is the CEO who is in charge of managing the actual business operations. For this reason, the CEO is often made accountable not only to the business owners but also to the board of directors. Upon analysing the corporate structure that is commonly used in large-scale companies, it is often the business owners together with the voluntary participation of the executive directors, the CEO, and the accounting manager who have the authoritative power to manipulate the companys official business documents. By going through the corporate financial statement, the non-executive board of directors should search for any signs of unusual business activities that could create serious consequences for the company. To prevent coming up with a biased judgment, the non-executive board of directors should consult with the internal or external auditors regarding any signs of unusual business transactions. Due to the flow of authoritative power within a business organisation, it is possible on the part of the shareholders, the members of the board, and the CEO to enter into business collusion with the business owners. By engaging the cooperation of accountants, business owners and corporate leaders may easily manipulate corporate financial records at the expense of the stakeholders and external shareholders. According to Becht, Jekinson and Mayer (2005), collusion among corporate leaders makes corporate governance one of the most controversial topics related to business and finance. Cassill and Hill (2007) explained that according to the principles of corporate governance, by voting on major financial decisions, the board of directors is made responsible for ensuring a balance between the business owners monetary interests and actual profit-sharing with the companys employees and the rest of the other stakeholders. Several authors agree that corporate governance should be based on neutral and objective corporate values (Solomon 2007, p. 4; Haller and Shore 2005, p. 18). Since there is plenty of opportunity for the business owners to manipulate the board of directors to support their own personal interests, the concept of corporate governance can easily be violated at the expense of the majority of employees and public investors. A corrupt business culture is one that not only does not balk at accepting bribery, but may also be open to the practise of illegal offshore financing or the intentional manipulation of the actual financial statement (Dine, 2008). Within a business organisation, the board of directors and executives are among the few individuals typically behind the practise and development of a corrupt culture. For this reason, Dine (2008) revealed that European corporate law, following the UK model of corporate governance, is focused on investigating shareholders and the board of directors. Two good examples of real-world scenarios in the history of finance are the cases of WorldCom and Enron. In the case of WorldCom, its board of directors failed to fulfil their duty in terms of closely monitoring the executives management activities (Monks and Minom 2004, p. 509). This made them unable to protect the interests of their stakeholders. In the case of Enron, a total of 18 directors, including the CFO, ex-CEO, chief accounting officer and chief risk officer, voluntarily participated in the CEOs decision to manipulate the companys financial statement (Kim and Nofsinger 2006, pp. 52-53; Davis, 2005; CNN Money, 2004). Limitations in the Roles and Responsibilities of External Auditors when it comes to Detecting and Controlling Fraud Activities in Business Although the general public, government agencies, and a large number of investors rely heavily on the audit reports coming from the external auditors, there are still some limitations with regards to what the external auditors can do in detecting and controlling fraud activities that could happen within a profit or non-profit organisations. Hicks and Goo (2008, p. 258) explained that it is the managements responsibility to prepare complete and accurate financial statements and disclosures in accordance with the financial reporting standards and applicable rules and regulations. Therefore, it is wrong to believe that the external auditors are solely responsible for preventing the incidence of financial fraud. As stated by Kwok (2005, p. 168), an audit does not guarantee the detection of all material misstatements because of such factors as the use of judgment, the use of sample testing, the inherent limitations of internal control, and the fact that much of the evidence available to the auditors is persuasive rather than conclusive in nature. Since external auditors are auditing financial statements that are presented to them by the corporate accountants, it is expected that external auditors could only provide the general public, investors, and government agencies with a reasonable assurance that the audited financial statements are free of misstatements, alteration of the accounting records, honest accounting errors, or falsification of the financial statements. Based on the Courts decision in the case of Caparo (Richards, 2004), in the absence of any contract between the auditor(s) and either the investor, a potential investor, or any other third party involved, no duty of care will be owed.  [2]  Despite the external auditors responsibility to double check the accuracy of a companys financial statements, external auditors who work for a public company owe no duty of care outside the existing shareholders who purchase stocks in reliance on a statutory audit. It simply means that the external auditors can only be held liable to investors, potential investors, or any other third party involved only if there is a written contract stating that the external auditor owes them duty of care. In fact, external auditor(s) who are held liable for pure economic loss are considered as a case of simple negligence under contract law. Schaefer (2004) explained that the case is different when the auditor(s) are being judged based on tort law because tor t law does not include a pure economic loss as a negligent act. Considering the difference between a contract law and a tort law, external auditor(s) who are found guilty of negligence will be held responsible and will be obliged to pay for the victims loss. In case an external auditor violates any of the auditing guidelines and is found guilty, the accused external auditor(s) will not be held responsible to compensate the victims loss because of the fact that tort law excludes liability of a pure economic loss. In other words, the victim of a wrong audit can demand a claim against those people guilty of the wrong audit under a contract law (Ewert, 1999). Given that the general public can prove that both external auditor(s) and the managers of the company colluded against the outside stakeholders, the stakeholders of a given company can demand a claim against both the parties involved. Even though external auditors can be held liable for negligence and misconduct, there is still a limit as to whether an auditor can be held liable for a misconduct or not. For example, in case an external auditor has not provided the actual report to the company he works for, any law suit filed during the time frame wherein the external auditor has not yet submitted his final report will not be considered punishable by the Court, because technically there is no duty of care that exists between the company and the external auditor(s) (Poorter 2008, p. 70).  [3]  In other words, the duty of care between an external auditor(s), the company, and the shareholders of the company will only exist when the external auditor has already submitted his final report to his client, the company. Basically, the extent of auditor liability will depend on the Court judgment and the degree of damages caused by the act of negligence that has occurred in the process. In line with this, it is possible for an act of negligence to occur when the external auditor(s) and the owner or manager of the company agree to underestimate the actual revenue of the company in order to pay lower taxes to the government; or both parties may agree to overvalue the company in order to be able to get a better price when selling the companys shares to the public. Since there are different ways in which auditor liability may occur, the Court will be responsible for the investigation behind the said act of negligence. According to Schaefer (2004, p. 9), external auditor(s) with a binding contract towards the third party involved should not be held responsible for the loss that may occur in the purchase of stocks as long as the auditors did not take any actions that could trigger the decline in the stocks value. Therefore, external auditor(s) who did not manipulate the value of stocks are free from being held responsible in case the value of stocks depreciated. Rather than considering the loss of a public investor as a result of negligence on the part of the external auditors, the public investors are expected to be responsible enough to study the market first before they invest their money in the stock market. In case the general public is able to prove that external auditors were behind the manipulation of stock prices in such a way that they depreciated over time, then the Court has the option to make the company, including those people who were directly involved in the process of the fraudulent act, partially liable for the victims monetary losses. However, if a buyer was able to sell his share of stocks at an overvalued price for the reason that the internal and external auditors were not able to accurately detect the true market value of the companys stocks, the person who bought the overpriced stocks will have to compensate for the loss simply because it was the buyers decision to purchase an overpriced share of stocks. Conclusion The personal obligations of external auditors to the general public or public investors is limited for the reason that the roles and responsibility of the external auditors are limited in terms of determining whether the accountants were able to present the financial statement based on the rules or laws accepted for the development of financial statements for the government, a private company, or a legal organisation. Likewise, external auditors are also made responsible for detecting any potential accounting irregularities made for the purpose of tax evasion or theft by the creation of ghost employees, skimming of the proceeds, or theft of an asset. Under the principles of corporate governance, the board of directors (executive and non-executive directors), the Chief Executive Officer (CEO), and the accountants have different roles and responsibilities in protecting the socio-economic welfare of the corporate stakeholders, including public investors. In case of a fraud scandal, it would be a misconception to put the blame purely on external auditors, since the board of directors (executive and non-executive directors), the Chief Executive Officer (CEO), and the accountants share responsibility in protecting the socio-economic welfare of the corporate stakeholders, including public investors.

What To Do About Immigration Essay -- United States Immigration Essays

What To Do About Immigration The concern about the impact that immigration imposes on American society is not a new one. Since the discovery of the New World immigrants from all over the world moved to American continent in search of a better life, that this vast and rich in sources, yet scarce in population land had promised them. Soon the immigrants outnumbered the native population. They came from England, Europe and Asia. In addition, millions of Africans were imported as slaves. By 1700 the United States became a country of immigrants and more were still to come. At that time America welcomed everybody who ventured to settle in the new country. At the end of the last century, however, not all immigrants were gladly received. The Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 shut the door for Chinese immigrants. It was followed by Quota Act of 1921 and Immigration Act of 1924 which restricted immigration from southern and eastern Europe. Finally, the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965 restricted the number of immigrants from every nation. Today, as the United States experience "the fourth wave" of immigration, the debate about what to do about it heats up. According to Linda Chavez, "In 1993 [?],over 800,000 legal immigrants were admitted to the United States and an estimated 300,000 illegal aliens settled here, more or less permanently. Over the last decade, as many as ten million legal and illegal immigrants established permanent residence?" (327). However, as Kenney David remarks the numbers by themselves, may not be so disturbing, for the foreign-born people represent only 8.7 percent of entire population of the United States (311). What bothers many Americans is the fact that the majority of immigrants comes from Latin America, predominately Mexico. The main objective of so-called "nativists", to whom one can refer Nicolaus Mills, is that the growing ratio of Hispanics leads to disintegration of the American nation as a union. In his article called "Lifeboat Ethics and Immigration Fears" he explores the issue of immigration and the problems it causes. Mills sees immigration as a threat to American nation as an ethnic group. He expresses his concern that high birth rates and liberal immigration laws allowing to bring relatives result in a high percentage of Mexican population in some areas. In his article Mills agrees with Peter Brimelow saying that "... ...motherland and I want it to prosper. To my opinion, the best the American society can do regarding immigration is like Kennedy concentrate on positive aspects of immigration, as Mills be aware of the problems, and work out the solutions like Chavez does. And regarding the ethnic and cultural imbalance that some Americans fear the problem seems to be somewhat exaggerated. Many Americans enjoy Mexican cuisine, like to dance salsa, and build the houses in Spanish stile, why not to accept people themselves? Works cited Chavez, Linda. "What to Do about Immigration." The Aims of Argument. A Rhetoric and Reader. 2nd ed. Ed. Timothy W. Crusius and Carolyn E. Channel: Mayfield Publishing, Mountain View, California, 1998: 327-337. Kennedy, David. "Can We Still Afford to Be a Nation of Immigrants?" The Aims of Argument.A Rhetoric and Reader. 2nd ed. Ed. Timothy W. Crusius and Carolyn E.Channel: Mayfield Publishing, Mountain View, California, 1998: 304-325. Mills, Nicolaus. "Lifeboat Ethics and Immigration Fears." The Aims of Argument. A Rhetoric and Reader. 2nd ed. Ed. Timothy W. Crusius and Carolyn E. Channel: Mayfield Publishing, Mountain View, California, 1998: 339-347.

History of the Sound Card :: essays research papers

History of the Sound Card: How it Came About The very first sound card every manufactured was a Sound Blaster card. Far West was the manufacturer of the first Sound Blaster sound card. Let’s step back a little in time to take a look back at when sound cards haven’t even yet existed. â€Å"Computers were never designed to handle sound.† Before sound cards were invented, the only sounds you would hear from a computer would be the beeps that would tell you if something was wrong with the computer. That’s all! No sounds would accompany any games, you couldn’t play music at all, nothing! Computer programmers wanted to use the beeps for games they created, and so they would program the beeps into their games. However, it would be â€Å"awful music as an accompaniment to games like Space Invaders†. Far West came up with the solution, thus the invention of the first Sound Blaster sound card. It still wasn’t good quality music, but it was a big step up from just the beeps. â€Å"It could record real audio and play it back, something of a quantum leap. It also had a MIDI interface, still common on sound cards today, which could control synthesizers, samplers and other electronic music equipment†. The first sound card was of 8 bit 11 kHz audio quality, similar to an AM radio. There are two parts to the â€Å"complicated piece of electronics†, the sound card. ADC and DAC were they. ADC is the analog-to-digital converter and DAC being the opposite (digital-to-analog converter). ADC took an analog signal from a device and converts it to digital signals for the computer to use, as DAC did the exact opposite, taking a digital signal and converting it to analog. However, in the future, there will be no use of ADC and DAC since â€Å"both speakers and microphones will be able to directly record and playback digital signals directly†. An example of ADC would be a sound through the microphone being recorded into the computer. A CD player is an example of a device that uses DAC.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Digital audio has its advantages. One would be that â€Å"no matter how many times it is copied it remains identical†. It does not degrade analogue sources. An example of an analogue source is vinyl. A leap up to 16 bit 44.1 kHz was a major development. This is the quality of a CD. This became a problem for the ISA bus.

Structuralism Developed by Ferdinand de Saussure Essays -- literary the

Structuralism was developed by Ferdinand de Saussure in the mid-twentieth century (Cuddon and Preston 923). This creation was brought on, in part, by the French existentialism period and is often combined with the semiotic theory of literary criticism; both are the source of development for other literary criticisms from the formalist schools of thought. As the name suggests, structuralism examines the structure of the work, investigating the ramifications of the organizations of literatures (McManus, 1998). As an image to portray this idea is examining the structure of a building and comparing it to the structures of other buildings in its surroundings, and then subsequently comparing the common features of those buildings to buildings from other cultures and what those architectural discrepancies represent (Brizee and Tompkins, 2011). Structuralism employs terms to help in the understanding of one of the most complex literary theories (McManus, 1998; Brizee and Tompkins, 2011). All words in any given language are either classified as parole or langue (McManus, 1998). Barbara McManus is an expert on literary criticism, has authored two books on the subject, is a retired professor of Classics Emerita, including the topics of Feminism and general literary criticism courses, from College of New Rochelle who defines the two terms as â€Å"any particular meaningful use of spoken or written language (also called ‘performance’)† and â€Å"the underlying system of sounds, forms, and rules of combination of a language which make meaningful communication possible (a speaker's implicit knowledge of this system is called ‘competence’),† respectively (McManus, 2003; McManus, 1998). McManus later states that â€Å"[Structuralists are] interested in langu... ...ll D. Moyers. The Power of Myth. New York: Doubleday, 1988. Print. "Cormac McCarthy on James Joyce and Punctuation." Interview by Oprah Winfrey.Oprah.com. OPRAH, 01 June 2008. Web. 05 Feb. 2014. . Cuddon, J. A., and Claire Preston. The Penguin Dictionary of Literary Terms and Literary Theory. London: Penguin, 1999. Print. McCarthy, Cormac. The Road. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2006. Print. McManus, Barbara F. "Barbara McManus Home Page." CNR.com. College of New Rochelle, July 2003. Web. 4 Feb. 2014. McManus, Barbara F. "Structuralist Approaches." Structuralist Approaches. The College of New Rochelle, Oct. 1998. Web. 16 Jan. 2014. Murfin, Ross, and Supryia M. Ray. "VirtuaLit: Critical Approaches." VirtuaLit: Critical Approaches. Bedford/St. Martin's, n.d. Web. 04 Feb. 2014.

Great Expectationsâ€Parents Molding Children After Their Own Expectations Essay

Dickens’ Great Expectations portrays the lives of different people throughout various levels of society and how they all react to their own condition. The past is always haunting the characters’ lives and, in most cases, it even determines the course of their future existence. It is inevitable to see in the story how some characters, playing the role of parents, define the lives of others, especially children, causing indelible consequences. Thus parents must not mold children after their own purposes and expect them to be someone different from whom they truly desire to be. This is one of the major mistakes we see in the novel made by characters such as Miss Havisham and Magwitch, who pretend to outline the lives of others. Pip’s life has always been influenced and affected by various people. Some want the best for him and others the worst. His parents died since he was very young and this forced him to live with his aunt and uncle. The fact that he lived most of his life without his biological parents is important because it allowed other people to raise him up. Eventually, his life was completely transformed when someone decided to expect great things from him. First of all, we meet Mrs. Joe, an oppressive, unaffectionate, self-righteous woman who is always congratulating herself for having taken care of Pip and for being the only responsible one who â€Å"brought him up by hand† (Dickens 27). We could assume that this term refers to the difficulties she encounters as she fulfills the role of being a mother to Pip. It was not an easy job, especially because Mrs. Joe didn’t have any other children and so didn’t know what motherhood really was. It is very probable that Mrs. Joe was also beaten up as a child and brought up by hand. As a result she is doing the same thing with Pip instead of learning from the past and improving the next generation. Thus since the beginning of the novel Dickens shows us how some adults are molding children after their own purposes and bringing then up as they were once brought up. As Pip grew up the opportunity of going to Satis House opens a new chapter in his life. Mr. Pumblechook and Mrs. Joe decided for him due to the fact that they never asked him if he wanted to go. Once more we may see hoy the life of this child was determined and shaped by those around him. When he goes to Satis House, both the narrator and the reader, meet one of the most important characters of the story, Miss Havisham. She is a mad, vengeful, and wealthy dowager. We would expect from her a lavish lifestyle, but the truth is she lives in an ancient rotting mansion and wears an old wedding dress all the time. The reason for this is that her life is completely altered when she was rejected and abandoned by Compeyson on what should’ve been their wedding day. From that time on, Miss Havisham determines herself to remain in that depressive and melancholic state, and never go beyond her heartbreak. It is this unfortunate event in Miss Havisham’s life that ignites her evil desire of obtaining revenge from men. Thus when she adopts Estella the opportunity to fulfill her execrable purposes opens up. As a result, with obsessive cruelty, she takes care of Estella and raises her as a weapon to achieve her own personal revenge on men. She doesn’t care if Estella’s life is ruined or if she ends up breaking noble hearts, such as Pip’s. All she wants is to get even with men because of that one man who broke her heart. Yet is it moral for a parent to destroy his child’s life in this way? Is it correct for parents to decide what type of life their children should experience for the rest of their existence? Should parents desire to live out their own purposes in their children’s lives? We may see that Miss Havisham answered positively to all of these questions and ended up destroying her future and Estella’s. Likewise, Pip’s future is not determined by himself, but by someone else. When Mr. Jaggers arrives with the news that Pip has a benefactor who wants to make him a gentleman, all expectations change and Pip departs to build up his new life. However, he made several mistakes and misspent most of his money. As a result he entered into debt and began to live an unsustainable lifestyle. We can see that this is the effect of never being taught how to administer money and spent it correctly. Later on when Pip meets the convict, Magwitch, after a long period of time since the marshes, he realizes who his benefactor truly was. All those years Pip had thought that Miss Havisham was his benefactor in order for him to marry Estella. However, Pip discovers the truth through Magwitch and feels embarrassed of it. We can thus comprehend that Pip’s future is not a consequence of his own actions, but it is the result of someone else’s desire to make him a gentleman. What is fascinating is that the night Pip meets the convict again, he realizes who truly had great expectations for him. Magwitch declares, â€Å"Yes, Pip, dear boy, I’ve made a gentleman on you! It’s me wot has done it†¦I own a gentleman†¦I’m your second father. You’re my son – more to me nor any son† (Dickens 293).

Urbanization Dynamics and Its Impact on Natural Resources

NEWSLETTER word URBANISATION DYNAMICS AND ITS IMPACTS ON THE do OF NATURAL RESOURCES IN MOSHI KILIMANJARO, TANZANIA By Isaac Kazungu1 and Maulid Bwabo2 half the worlds population like a shot live in built-up aras, with an estimated 60 trillion people being added every course of study (World Bank population Index report, 2010). This fast urban step-up leads to environmental adulteration and excessive demands on services, infrastructure and using up of vivid resource in speedily urbanising cities of the world, Moshi inclusive. Resource degradation, energy consumption, conflicts on he pulmonary tuberculosis of resources has increased drastically. To address this a three (3) years labour titled LUNA (Livelihoods, urbanisation, Natural Resources in Africa) financed by Volkswagen buttocks of Germany established within Five African Countries, namely Tanzania (Moshi), Cameroon (Bamenda), Botswana (Palapye), Cote dIvoire (Tyasale) and South Africa (Phalaborwa-Limpopo, and Que enstownEastern Cape). It started in 2009 and aimed at analysing the bear on of urbanisation on the use of natural resources and livelihoods in Africa. 1Isaac Kazungu is avail proofreader and Researchers working with the Department of market at Moshi University College of Cooperative and Business Studies (MUCCoBS). His chief(prenominal) argonas of interest acknowledge Agricultural merchandising, Marketing research, International trade, Livelihoods and Urbanization. He is a fraction of LUNA a team up of researchers from Five African countries and Germany undertaking a project on Urbanization and its impact on the use of Natural Resources in Africa. 2 Maulid Bwabo is accomplice Lecturer and Researchers in theDepartment of Marketing at Moshi University College of Cooperative and Business Studies (MUCCoBS). Among the other disciplines, he specialises in Food crops marketing, Strategic marketing review and Marketing audit. He is similarly a extremity of LUNA a team of researche rs from Five African countries and Germany undertaking a project on Urbanization and its impact on the use of Natural Resources in Africa In Tanzania the project was undertaken in Moshi Municipality on the slope of Mountain Kilimanjaro-the highest Mountain in Africa. It explored nine (9) settlements in both rban and peri-urban areas of the metropolis. These settlements include Mweka, Uru, Kibosho, Karanga, Kwa sadala, Pasua Matindigani, Pasua Kanisani, Kiusa, Uchira Mashingia. Livelihoods and settlements characteristics, resource availability and utilisation, settlement exploitation dynamics and challenges, economic activities and geographical locations are some remarkable areas explored. The result of the project built on what researchers explore nigh the problem, their insights and values using both turn up based and reflections. The results spin on paltry enforcement of urban outgrowth policies, rban agricultural harvest-feast additions and branding, promotion of tradition al crops which enhance livelihoods of the unretentive resource and disadvantaged groups, harassment of the city authority, conflicts on the use of water infrastructure, danger to land tenure, difficulties in capitalisation of pecuniary institutions mortgages and marketing informations. Others include inadequate crosswise and vertical linkages of local communities, associations and interested parties, pay considerations, changing of the peoples brain of farmers in production process and partnerships, fragmentation ofAfrican land use planning system, member based transformation efforts from informality to formality, short governance. Likely, the question of ill staff in planning department and structural conflicts are some remarkable policy and hardheaded development, which are potential for policy preparation and improvement for our area development. Key issues mention during this investigation calls for policy interventions and alternative on the reality. In additional, networking, capacity building on which young scientists (2 Master students from MUCCoBS) were trained through with(predicate) this project.NEWSLETTER ARTICLE of urbanisation and the use of natural resources within a planned and sustainable way to enhance residents in growth and their development processes. Notwithstanding, the project creates a safe(p) link of development cooperation between the mating and South, which is among the countrys policy development agenda. LUNA team-Tanzania, left to right Bwabo, Dr. Wakuru Magigi and Isaac Kazungu (Photo by Takemore Chogomoka) Issues far-famed during the project exploration are central to different actors interested in Urban development and poverty reduction in rapidly rbanising cities. These actors include giving medication, development partners, local communities/co-operators, non-governmental organisations, higher learning institutions, local government authorities and policy makers. The finding may be addressed for enhancing t he link Acknowledgements Dr. Wakuru Magigi-LUNA country coordinator, Urban planner and Senior Lecturer MUCCoBS, Volkswagen Stiftung Foundation, the management of MZUMBE University and MUCCoBS. Contactsemailprotected com, emailprotected com Web http//www. luna-project. uni-freiburg. de/ http//www. muccobs. ac. tz

Latino Race Ethnicity and Place in the USA Essay

Race quite a little who sh be tangible characteristics, such as skin color and facial nerve features that argon passed on through reproduction genial construction a societal invention that labels the great unwashed based on somatogenetic appearance. Skin color, pig texture, and eye shape be examples of unequal give-and-take Ethnic Group a group of volume who identify with a common national short letter or cultural heritage that includes language, geographic roots, food, customs, traditions, and/or religion. Puerto Ri washbowls, Chinese, Serbs, Arabs, Swedes, Hungarians, Jews Racial-Ethnic Group batch who have distinctive physical and cultural characteristics. Immigrants Illegal immigrants do the think overs that most Americans jadet want like clean homes and offices, nannies and busboys, nurses aides, and adjourn fruit for low wage Dominant and nonage Groups Dominant Group any physically or culturally distinctive group that has most sparing and political forc e-out, the greatest privileges, and the highest social status. Men argon prevalent group because they have more than status, resources, and power than women. Apartheid a formal system of racial separationism Minority a group of plenty who may be subject to differential and unequal intervention because of their physical, cultural, and other characteristics such as sex, sexual orientation, religion, ethnicity, or skin color. American minorities have fewer choices than dominating group outgrowths in finding homes and apartments because they argon slight likely to perish help from a bank building to help with mortgage. Patterns of Dominant-Minority Group Relations Genocide the taxonomical effort to kill all sections of a finicky ethnic, religious, political, racial, or national group. Holocaust in Germany separationism the physical and social separation of dominant and minority groups. De Facto informal may be voluntary as when members of racial or ethnic groups prefer to see among their own group. Due to discrimination -De Jure Legal replaced by de facto Assimilation the process of conforming to the gloss of the dominant group, adopting its language and values, and intermarrying with that group. Mexicans atomic number 18 less likely to pull in in the US than immigrants from the Philippines, Vietnam or South Korea because they argon more likely to have entered the country illegally which cuts them from energizeting a good job, most domain assistance programs, and eventual citizenship Pluralism minority groups retain their culture still have equal social rest in a society. The US is plura constituteic because it is multicultural, multicolored, and multilingual. Also, the US has most racial and ethnic communities (Little Italy, classic Town, Little Korea, Spanish Harlem) live peacefully side by side Some Sources of Racial-Ethnic clangour Racism a set of beliefs that adepts own racial group is naturally superordinate to other g roups. Prejudice an attitude, positive or negative, toward people because of their membership. Different from us in race, ethnicity, or religion. Asiatics argon really hard plowers White people cant be trusted Stereotype an oversimplified overstate generalization about a category of people. fecal matter be positive in all African Americans are athletic Can be negative All African Americans are lazy Ethnocentrism the belief that ones own culture, society, or group is inherently superior to others. Reject those outside of our group Scapegoats individuals or groups whom people blame for their own problems or shortcomings. They didnt hire me because the company wants blacks I didnt get into that college because Asian Americans are at the top of the list Minorities are scapegoating targets because they differ in physical appearance and too powerless to strike back. Stereotypes, ethnocentrism, and scapegoating are attitudes, barely lead to discrimination. distinction any act that treats people unequally or unfairly because of their group membership. invest from social slights (not inviting a co worker to lunch) to rejection of job application and hate crimes. Can be problematical (not sitting next to someone) or blatant (racial slurs) singular Discrimination harmful action on a one-to-one basis by a member of a dominant group against a member of a minority group. Discrimination while eat in restaurants, shopping, buying house, applying for job, etc. Institutional Discrimination unequal treatment and opportunities that members of minority groups experience as a result of the everyday operations of a societys law, rules, policies, practices, and customs. Heath services minorities get lower quality care than white people even when treated by the same doctor. blood between Prejudice and Discrimination Robert Merton described the descent between prejudice and discrimination as 4 patterns 1. Unprejudiced Nondiscriminators All-weather liberals They arent prejudiced and take for grantedt discriminate they believe in the American creed of freedom 2. Prejudiced Discriminators Active Bigots They are prejudiced and do discriminate. They are willing to tire laws to express beliefs 3. Unprejudiced Discriminators Fair-weather liberals They arent prejudiced but they discriminate because its in their own self avocation to do so 4.Prejudiced Nondiscrimination Timid Bigots They are prejudiced but dont discriminate. major Racial and Ethnic Groups in the US European Americans immigrants from southern and eastern Europe they viewed newcomers as dirty, lazy, and baseless because they differ in language, religion and customs. Latinos many Latinos who were professionals in their native land still find low-income jobs in the US. They often have a hard succession to both(prenominal) work and l suck in English nearlyspring enough to pass exams to become doctors, lawyers, and accountants. Many are successful though.Earn better hou rly allowance because they are older, better educated, and more likely to be employed in construction than agriculture. African Americans They are successful. A third of all black households earn incomes of $50,000 or more. Asian Americans the most successful Asian Americans are those who cover English relatively well and have high education levels. Have high educational levels than any other US racial-ethnic groups. well-nigh likely to be concentrated in exceedingly skilled occupations like information technology, science, engineering, and medicine. American Indians they are not immigrants, they have been in the US longitudinal than any other group. They have made respectable economic progress by insisting on self- determination and the rights of tribes to run their own affairs. Most of them work in construction and repair, maintenance, and personal and laundry services. warmness Eastern Americans one of the most diverse and interlocking combinations of geographic, hist orical, religious, linguistic, and even racial places on Earth. Tend to be better educated and wealthier than other Americans. Well interconnected into American life.Three of four speak only English at home or speak it well and more than half are homeowners. sociological Explanations of Racial-Ethnic Inequality Functionalism (macro) Prejudice and Discrimination can be dysfunctional, but they proffer benefits for dominant groups and stabilize society. appointment (macro) Powerful groups maintain their advantages and perpetuate racial-ethnic inequality generally through economic exploitation Primary outwear grocery store held primarily by white workers, provide better wages, health and pension benefits, and some beak of job security Secondary Labor Market (fast-food employees) are largely minorities and easily paid, their wages are low, there are a few benefits and functional conditions are poor. Feminist (macro and micro) Minority women suffer from the unite effects of ra cism and sexism. Gendered Racism the overlapping and additive effects of inequality due to racism and sexism. emblematic Interactionism (micro) Hostile attitudes toward minorities, which are learned, can be cut through cooperative interracial and interethnic tinges. Attitudes toward dominant and minority groups through labeling and selective perception can amplify prejudice and discrimination. Contact Hypothesis the idea that more people get to know members of a minority group personally, the less likely they are to be prejudiced against that group Interracial and Interethnic Relationships Miscegenation nuptials or sexual relations between a man and a woman of different races. The development in intermarriage reflects many interrelated factors both macro and micro that include everyday contact and changing attitudes